What is it?
Glaucoma refers to a group of conditions that damage the optic nerve, often (though not always) linked to higher-than-normal pressure inside the eye. It's sometimes called a “silent” condition because the most common form typically causes no pain and no noticeable symptoms until vision has already been affected — which is exactly why regular screening matters, especially as you get older.
Common symptoms
- Often none in the early stages of the most common form
- Gradual loss of peripheral (side) vision in later stages
- Tunnel vision in advanced cases
- Acute form only: sudden severe eye pain, headache, nausea, blurred vision, and halos around lights
Causes & risk factors
- Age (risk rises after 60)
- Family history of glaucoma
- Elevated eye pressure
- Diabetes
- Certain past eye injuries or surgeries
- Long-term steroid medication use
When to see a doctor
Because early glaucoma usually has no symptoms, routine comprehensive eye exams are the main way it's caught — this matters more than watching for warning signs. That said, the acute (angle-closure) form is a medical emergency.
What treatment generally involves
Glaucoma treatment generally focuses on lowering eye pressure to reduce the risk of further optic nerve damage — commonly through prescription eye drops, and in some cases laser treatment or surgery. Existing nerve damage typically can't be reversed, which is why the general medical guidance is early detection through regular exams rather than waiting for symptoms.
Everyday habits that help
- Get a comprehensive, dilated eye exam on a regular schedule, especially after 40 or with a family history
- Manage conditions like diabetes and blood pressure
- Tell your doctor about a family history of glaucoma